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Human trafficking is a crime in New Zealand under Section 98D of the Crimes Act 1961. In 2002, the New Zealand Government ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol),〔(Status of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children ). treaties.un.org. Retrieved 30 April 2015.〕 a protocol to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC). New Zealand participates in efforts to combat human trafficking in the Asia-Pacific region, and has a leadership role in the Bali Process on People Smuggling, Human Trafficking and related Transnational Crime (Bali Process). As human trafficking is not considered to be an active issue in New Zealand, the government focus is on prevention and identification of victims and offending.〔 New Zealand has been classified as a destination country for human trafficking and a source location for domestic trafficking of forced labour, including children in the sex trade.〔("New Zealand Country Report, Trafficking in Persons Report 2014" ) state.gov. Retrieved 30 April 2015.〕 According to the United States Department of State annual reporting on the effectiveness of government actions to address human trafficking, New Zealand has consistently achieved a Tier One (highest) ranking, achieving full compliance with the minimum standards as contained in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000 (TVPA).〔Pub L. 106-386.〕 These standards are generally consistent with the Palermo Protocol.〔(Definitions and Methodology, Trafficking in Persons Report 2014 ) state.gov. Retrieved 30 April 2015.〕 To implement the Palermo Protocol, the Crimes Act 1961 was amended to include the offence of human trafficking in 2002.〔(Crimes Amendment Act 2002 ), Section 5.〕 In response to the Bali Process, New Zealand pledged to create a practical plan to address human trafficking and established the Inter Agency Working Group on People Trafficking (Working Group) in 2006.〔 The Department of Labour, acting on behalf of the Working Group, released the ''Plan of Action to Prevent People Trafficking'' in 2009. The definition of human trafficking as involving exclusively transnational movement has meant that claims for domestic human trafficking in the workforce, sex industry and foreign fishing vessels have been pursued in other statutes, such as the Prostitution Reform Act 2003 (PRA) and the Immigration Act 2009 that attract lesser penalties. This issue is currently being addressed in a proposed legislative amendment.〔("Organised Crime and Anti-corruption Bill" ) parliament.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 April 2015.〕 ==Government Response== Plan of action The Inter Agency Working Group consists of the Department of Labour (now the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE)), Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Development, Ministry for Women, New Zealand Customs Service and the New Zealand Police. During the period of June to July in 2008, the Department of Labour held a public consultation to formulate a “whole of government approach”〔 to human trafficking. 34 formal submissions were received which informed the development and subsequent publication of the ''Plan of Action to Prevent People Trafficking'' in 2009. The MBIE is responsible for ensuring that the plan is implemented and compiles an annual report on compliance.〔 The plan of action contains three goals; Prevention, Protection and Prosecution. Under each of these, the plan identifies specific objectives and actions to be taken, and assigns a responsible agency and timetable for completion. The plan is considered to be a “living document”,〔("Prevent People Trafficking Conference Report April 11-12 2013" ) salvationarmy.org.nz. Retrieved April 30, 2015.〕 and following the pending legislative reform is due to be reassessed.〔("United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014" ). unodc.org, p. 17. Retrieved April 30, 2015.〕 Prevention of human trafficking The New Zealand Government is committed to equip and train government officials and front-line officers to identify trafficking and respond appropriately through the establishment of mandatory education programmes.〔 This includes the promotion of public awareness in general.〔 The MBIE is to conduct ongoing research in human trafficking and to assist in this, the National Intelligence Centre shares information legally with other governments.〔 Given that human trafficking may involve transnational networks, domestic efforts are unlikely to achieve full protection, as “despite being a minor destination country, New Zealand remains disturbed by the dimension of people trafficking in the neighbouring Asia Pacific region."〔("Position paper to the General Assembly Third Committee, Delegation from New Zealand" ) madmun.de., p. 1. Retrieved 30 April 3015.〕 New Zealand is a member of various International entities which address human trafficking, such as the Bali Process, the Pacific Immigration Directors’ Conference and the International Labour Organisation (ILO).〔(New Zealand's International engagement ). Retrieved 30 April 2015.〕 Financial assistance has been provided for human trafficking initiatives in the Asia Pacific region〔().〕 through the New Zealand Agency for International Development. Protection of Human Trafficking Victims Victims are certified with trafficked status by the New Zealand Police and the appropriate government agency conducts an investigation and may issue legal proceedings.〔 If the victim is a temporary migrant, they may apply for an extension of visa for a 12-month period.〔 Following the investigation, migrant victims may apply for a resident visa and receive ongoing protection, provided that they have not obstructed the investigation.〔'Working Together to Combat People Trafficking and Migrant Exploitation', available on (). immigration.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 April 2015.〕 The Health and Disability Eligibility Direction 2011 entitles all victims to receive government support, including legal aid, counselling and medical treatment, with full coverage under the Accident Compensation Scheme.〔("2012 United Nations Convention against Torture, New Zealand Draft Periodic Review 6" ) justice.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 April 2015.〕 Victims may apply to Housing New Zealand and the Ministry of Social Development for assistance in the case of financial hardship.〔 Given the low level of trafficking cases in New Zealand, there is no resource allocation dedicated to these services. Victims are assessed on a case-by-case basis and may be directed to receive additional support from Non-governmental organizations.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Human trafficking in New Zealand」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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